Effects of Action Observation and Motor Imagery on PNF Skill Learning in Physiotherapy Students

his randomized controlled trial aims to investigate the effects of action observation and motor imagery on short- and long-term learning of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) skills, perceived mental fatigue, and task difficulty in physiotherapy students. A total of 24 second-year physiotherapy students will be randomly allocated to three groups: motor imagery, action observation, and conventional learning (control). PNF performance will be assessed using performance scores and task completion time immediately after the intervention, 1 hour later, and 24 hours later.

Inclusion Criteria: * Being older than 18 years. * Being a second-year student in the Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation at Antalya Bilim University. * Being able to speak and understand Turkish. Exclusion Criteria: * Having a neurological, musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, pulmonary, or metabolic disease that prevents participation in the study. * Experiencing any pain at the time of the study. * Having previously participated in a study investigating motor imagery. * Using medications that affect attention or alertness. * Having a psychological disorder that affects attention or alertness.