Inflammatory Markers and Pain in Sickle Cell Disease

This observational cross-sectional study aims to assess the relationship between inflammatory markers and pain intensity in adult patients with sickle cell disease. The study will evaluate inflammatory markers in patients with different clinical presentations, including steady state and vaso-occlusive crisis.

Inclusion Criteria: * Adults aged ≥18 years. Confirmed diagnosis of sickle cell disease. Patients attending or admitted to the Internal Medicine Department during the study period. Willingness to participate and provide informed consent. Exclusion Criteria: * Patients younger than 18 years. Acute infection or sepsis Autoimmune or chronic inflammatory diseases. Malignancy End-stage renal disease on dialysis. Chronic liver disease Blood transfusion within the preceding four weeks Recent surgery or trauma (within the preceding four weeks. Refusal to participate.