Cardiorespiratory Fitness After Lobectomy Versus Sublobar Resection

This observational study will compare changes in cardiorespiratory fitness after lobectomy and sublobar resection. Sublobar resection includes segmentectomy and wedge resection. Patients who can undergo pulmonary resection and meet the eligibility criteria will be studied during routine clinical care; the research will not assign the surgical procedure or add a study-specific intervention. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) and pulmonary function testing will be performed before surgery and at routine follow-up visits 6 and 12 months after surgery. Changes from the preoperative assessment will be compared within each surgical group and between the two groups. The study will also examine the relationship between CPET measurements and postoperative complications.

Inclusion Criteria: 1\. Able to understand the study and provide written informed consent. 2. Considered able to tolerate surgical treatment, including segmentectomy, lobectomy, or wedge resection, following preoperative assessment, including cardiac and pulmonary function testing. \- Exclusion Criteria: 1. Pregnant or breastfeeding. 2. Any absolute contraindication to CPET. 3. A history of severe heart disease, heart failure, myocardial infarction, or an episode of angina within the previous 3 months. 4. A cerebrovascular event, including cerebral infarction or cerebral hemorrhage, within the previous 3 months. 5. A psychiatric illness that prevents communication. 6. Unable to cooperate with the examinations. -