Flexible Ureteroscopy for Large Renal Stones in Children

This prospective single-arm interventional study evaluated the efficacy and safety of flexible ureteroscopy for the treatment of large renal stones measuring 2 cm or more in pediatric patients. All enrolled participants underwent flexible ureteroscopic stone disintegration using a single-use flexible ureteroscope and Holmium laser lithotripsy. The study was designed to assess whether this minimally invasive approach could provide effective stone clearance with acceptable perioperative safety in children with large renal stones.

Inclusion Criteria: * Pediatric patients diagnosed with renal stones. * Renal stone size ≥2 cm. * Age younger than 14 years. Exclusion Criteria: * Uncontrolled urinary tract infection. * Impaired renal function. * Abnormal anatomical location of the kidney. * Congenital renal or ureteric anomalies.