Effect of a Single Immersive Virtual Reality Session on Preoperative Surgical Fear and State Anxiety in Patients Awaiting Bariatric Surgery

To determine whether a single 20-minute immersive VR nature session delivered in the immediate preoperative period reduces surgical fear and state anxiety in patients scheduled for bariatric surgery.

Inclusion Criteria: * 18 years or older * scheduled for elective bariatric surgery * able to communicate verbally * without visual or hearing impairment * without a diagnosed psychiatric disorder * not concurrently using any other non-pharmacological anxiety-reduction method Exclusion Criteria: * younger than 18 years * those with visual or hearing impairment * those using another non-pharmacological method during the study period were excluded