Salivary TNF-α, FoxO-1, and SIRT-1 Levels in Periodontitis and Smoking

This study examines whether smoking and gum disease (periodontitis) are linked to changes in three biological markers found in saliva: TNF-α, FoxO-1, and SIRT-1. These markers are involved in inflammation and the body's response to stress. Eighty adults took part in the study, divided into four groups: healthy non-smokers, non-smokers with Stage III periodontitis (an advanced form of gum disease), healthy smokers, and smokers with Stage III periodontitis. Each participant had a dental examination and provided a saliva sample, which was analyzed in the laboratory to measure the levels of these three markers. The goal of the study is to better understand how smoking and gum disease together affect the body's inflammatory and stress-response pathways, which may help guide future approaches to prevention and treatment.

Inclusion Criteria: * Aged 18 years or older * At least 16 permanent teeth, excluding third molars * Not receiving orthodontic treatment * No systemic condition known to affect periodontal health Exclusion Criteria: * Pregnant or breastfeeding * Diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, hypertension, or another systemic disease that could influence periodontal tissues * Periodontal treatment within the previous six months * Use of antibiotics or anti-inflammatory medications within the previous six months * Any local or systemic condition that could affect salivary biomarker concentrations