Japanese Strabismus Outcomes Assessment and Research Group Study

This retrospective study constructs the largest multicenter registry of strabismus care in Japan. The registry evaluates real-world surgical and conservative treatment outcomes, safety, and natural history for various types of strabismus, including common, rare, and complex cases.

Inclusion Criteria: * Patients diagnosed with strabismus who underwent clinical evaluation or management (including observation for natural history, conservative treatment, or surgery) at participating institutions. * Observation period for common strabismus: A restricted recent timeframe (e.g., the most recent 3 years) to minimize selection bias. * Observation period for rare and complex strabismus: Up to 10 years (January 1, 2016, to the date of Institutional Review Board approval) to secure an adequate sample size. Exclusion Criteria: * Patients who formally opted out of data utilization for this study.