Effectiveness of a Horse Riding Simulator in Adolescents With Idiopathic Scoliosis

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a three-dimensional spinal deformity associated with impaired respiratory muscle strength, balance, postural control, body image, and health-related quality of life. Core stabilization exercises are widely used in the conservative management of AIS. Horse riding simulator training reproduces the multidirectional rhythmic movements of horseback riding while eliminating the potential risks associated with conventional hippotherapy and may provide additional benefits for postural control and trunk muscle activation. The aim of this randomized controlled trial is to investigate the effects of adding horse riding simulator training to a core stabilization exercise program on respiratory muscle strength, balance, health-related quality of life, and perceived cosmetic deformity in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis. Participants will be randomly assigned to either an experimental group receiving horse riding simulator training combined with core stabilization exercises or a control group receiving core stabilization exercises alone. Outcomes will be assessed before and after the 12-week intervention.

Inclusion Criteria: * Diagnosis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis * Age between 10 and 19 years * Cobb angle between 10° and 40°, measured on standing spinal radiographs * Willingness of the participant and, when applicable, the parent or legal guardian to participate in the study Exclusion Criteria: * Scoliosis of a non-idiopathic etiology * History of surgery within the previous 3 months * Presence of an orthopedic, neurological, or systemic condition that may prevent participation in the exercise program * Cognitive, communication, or behavioral disorders that may interfere with understanding instructions, answering questions, or performing the exercises * Participation in regular exercise on 3 or more days per week