Caffeine Intake and Periodontal Treatment Outcomes

This study will explore whether caffeine intake can affect recovery after periodontal (gum) treatment. Periodontitis is a common gum disease caused by bacteria. Even after treatment, some people may still have ongoing inflammation or changes in oral bacteria. Researchers want to know if daily caffeine intake, such as from coffee, may help improve this condition. In this study, about 90 adults with periodontitis will receive standard periodontal treatment. Participants will be randomly assigned to one of three groups: no caffeine intake, low caffeine intake, or moderate caffeine intake. They will follow these instructions for about 6 months. Researchers will collect saliva samples and check gum health at several time points after treatment. Saliva will be used to measure inflammation markers and to study changes in oral bacteria. Researchers will also record clinical gum conditions, such as gum pocket depth and bleeding. The goal of this study is to understand whether caffeine intake can help reduce inflammation, improve oral bacteria balance, and support recovery after periodontal treatment. The results may help provide simple dietary advice to improve long-term gum health.

Inclusion Criteria: * Adults aged 18 to 55 years. * Diagnosed with periodontitis according to the 2018 Classification of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions. * First visit for periodontal treatment and eligible for standard non-surgical periodontal therapy. * Willing and able to comply with the dietary intervention and scheduled follow-up visits. * Able to understand the study procedures and provide written informed consent. * Able to communicate effectively and complete study questionnaires and follow-up assessments. Exclusion Criteria: * Pregnant or breastfeeding women, or women planning pregnancy during the study period. * History of periodontal treatment within the previous 6 months. * Current smokers or tobacco users. * Use of antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, immunosuppressive agents, or medications known to affect periodontal status within the previous 3 months. * Presence of systemic diseases that may influence periodontal conditions, including diabetes mellitus, hypertension, or hyperlipidemia. * Severe systemic diseases, psychiatric disorders, or other conditions that may interfere with study participation or protocol compliance. * Allergy or intolerance to caffeine or inability to comply with the dietary caffeine intervention. * Individuals with limited hand function or other conditions preventing adequate oral hygiene practices.