Knee Ligament Stiffness Across Ethnicities Before and After Osteoarthritis Treatment

This prospective clinical study aims to establish normative values of knee ligament stiffness across different ethnic populations using shear wave elastography (SWE) and to investigate biomechanical alterations associated with knee osteoarthritis (OA). Healthy adults and patients with symptomatic knee OA will undergo standardized SWE examinations of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), medial collateral ligament (MCL), and lateral collateral ligament (LCL), together with clinical assessments. For patients who subsequently receive clinically indicated ultrasound-guided injection therapy, follow-up SWE and clinical evaluations will be performed to investigate changes in ligament stiffness after treatment.

Inclusion Criteria * Healthy volunteers: * Adults aged 20 years or older. * Able to understand the study procedures and provide written informed consent. * Able to ambulate independently without walking aids. * No pain in either knee during the previous 6 months. * Patients with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis: * Adults aged 20 years or older. * Able to understand the study procedures and provide written informed consent. * Pain in at least one knee during the previous year. * Knee pain, soreness, or stiffness documented within the previous month. * Radiographic knee osteoarthritis defined by at least one of the following: * Kellgren-Lawrence grade ≥2 on anteroposterior radiographs. * Kellgren-Lawrence grade ≥2 on skyline radiographs. * Superior or inferior patellar osteophytes or posterior tibial osteophytes on lateral radiographs. Exclusion Criteria * Healthy volunteers: * Previous knee surgery. * Rupture of any cruciate or collateral ligament. * Major knee or periarticular trauma. * Rheumatic or autoimmune disease. * Diagnosis of knee osteoarthritis within the previous 6 months. * Patients with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis: * Rheumatic or autoimmune disease. * Malignancy. * Previous major knee trauma or knee surgery. * Corticosteroid injection into the affected knee within the previous 3 months.