Relationship Between Frontal QRS-T Angle and Collateral Circulation in Coronary Artery Chronic Total Occlusion

• Aim of the work: To examine the relationship between collateral circulation and the frontal QRS-T angle in patients with chronic total occlusion (CTO)

Inclusion Criteria: * Patients undergoing diagnostic coronary angiography due to stable angina persisting for a minimum duration of three months. * Patients diagnosed with total occlusion in at least one coronary artery, assessed to have chronic total occlusion (CTO) based on clinical and angiographic findings. Exclusion Criteria: * Patients presenting with malignancies, atrial fibrillation, connective tissue disorders, hepatic failure, or renal failure. * A documented history of cardiac pacemaker implantation, prior bypass surgeries, or surgical valve replacements. * Congenital heart anomalies. * Patients receiving pharmacological interventions that affect ventricular repolarization (other than beta-adrenergic antagonists). * Individuals exhibiting abnormal electrolyte levels at the time of admission.