Effects of Various Types of Ultrasound Therapy in Knee Osteoarthritis

Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a degenerative joint condition characterized by degeneration, which is commonly attributed to the cumulative effects of mechanical stress and the slow deterioration of articular cartilage. KOA is a highly prevalent musculoskeletal disorder that affected 300 million people globally in 2017. It can affect any joint, although the most commonly affected are the knees, hands, hips, and spine

Inclusion Criteria: * Age 45 to 65 years. * Body mass index (BMI) 18.5-29.9 kg/m². * Diagnosis of knee osteoarthritis according to the American College of Rheumatology criteria. * Kellgren-Lawrence grade I-III. Exclusion Criteria: * Rheumatologic conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis. * Prior knee surgery. * Previous lower-extremity fracture involving the knee joint. * Diabetes mellitus. * Neuropathy or sensory disorders. * Intra-articular corticosteroid injection or platelet-rich plasma treatment within the previous 6 months. * Thrombosis of the lower limbs. * Contraindications to therapeutic ultrasound, including open epiphysis, infection, cardiac disease, metal implants, pacemaker, pregnancy, or thrombophlebitis. * Wound or laceration in the soft tissues surrounding the knee. * Skin disease around the treatment area. * Use of pain medications during the study that could influence outcomes. * Knee physiotherapy within the previous 3 months. * Other knee procedures, including aspiration or knee arthroplasty.