Intraperitoneal Dexmedetomidine Versus Magnesium as Adjuvants to Bupivacaine in Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy

Although both dexmedetomidine and magnesium sulphate have been individually evaluated as adjuvants to local anesthetics, direct comparisons between the two agents in intraperitoneal instillation during laparoscopic cholecystectomy remain limited. Understanding their relative efficacy and safety could provide valuable guidance for optimizing perioperative analgesia in these patients.

Inclusion Criteria: * Patients aged 18-60 years * ASA physical status I-II * scheduled for elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy under general anesthesia. Exclusion Criteria: * Known hypersensitivity to study drugs * history of cardiac arrhythmias or conduction abnormalities * severe hepatic/renal impairment * chronic opioid or analgesic use * pregnancy * conversion to open surgery * drain insertion.