Applying the Intention-Action Framework to Specialty Referrals

This is a prospective randomized controlled trial evaluating an EHR-embedded behavioral intervention intended to reduce low-value specialty referrals in cardiology, pulmonology, and gastroenterology. The intervention is designed to (1) strengthen physicians' intentions to avoid low-value specialty referrals at the point of encounter by presenting criteria for high-value referrals and informing physicians that referral decisions may be reviewed and (2) support follow-through on these intentions by modifying the referral process through structured checklist prompts embedded within the referral workflow. The primary hypothesis is that physicians exposed to the intervention will demonstrate lower rates of low-value cardiology, pulmonology, and gastroenterology referrals compared with physicians exposed to the arm where the order composer allows physicians to place referrals with minimal decision support.

Inclusion Criteria: * UCLA Health physicians who have made at least one specialty referral to cardiology, pulmonology, or gastroenterology for patients in UCLA Health primary care registry during July-December 2025 Exclusion Criteria: * Physicians who are no longer actively practicing at UCLA Health as of July 1, 2026