Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Morphological and Functional Characteristics of Intercostal Muscles in Stroke Patients and Their Relationship With Clinical Parameters

The aim of this study is to evaluate the morphological and functional characteristics of parasternal intercostal muscles in patients with stroke using ultrasonography. Parasternal intercostal muscle thickness and thickening fraction will be assessed on both the hemiplegic and non-hemiplegic sides. The relationship between ultrasonographic findings and respiratory muscle strength, motor function, balance, functional independence, and quality of life will also be investigated. A healthy control group will be included to establish reference values and enable comparative analyses.

Inclusion Criteria (Stroke Group): * Age between 18 and 75 years. * History of ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke. * Ability to understand and comply with study procedures. * Provision of written informed consent. Exclusion Criteria (Stroke Group): * Presence of acute or chronic pulmonary disease. * History of thoracic or abdominal surgery. * Presence of another neuromuscular disorder. * Aphasia or cognitive impairment preventing participation in assessments. * Active malignancy. Inclusion Criteria (Healthy Control Group): * Age between 18 and 75 years. * Willingness to participate in the study. * Provision of written informed consent. Exclusion Criteria (Healthy Control Group): * History of stroke or other neurological disorders. * History of chronic respiratory disease (e.g., COPD, asthma). * Chest wall deformity. * Presence of systemic diseases that may affect muscle function.