Cardiovascular Assessment 5 Years After MIS-C

Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a severe complication associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection that frequently affects the cardiovascular system. Although acute cardiac abnormalities usually resolve, the long-term cardiovascular consequences of MIS-C remain uncertain. Previous follow-up of this cohort 2 years after MIS-C identified signs of subclinical cardiovascular abnormalities compared with healthy controls. This cross-sectional study aims to evaluate cardiovascular health in individuals 5 years after MIS-C. Participants with a history of MIS-C will be compared with age- and sex-matched healthy controls using cardiovascular imaging, vascular assessments, cardiopulmonary exercise testing, and biomarkers of endothelial injury.

Inclusion Criteria: * For the MIS-C group: History of MIS-C diagnosed according to World Health Organization (WHO) criteria * For all participants: Written informed consent from a parent or legal guardian and, where applicable, assent/consent from participants aged 16 years or older / Exclusion Criteria: MIS-C group: 1. Known heart disease, including congenital heart disease. 2. Significant chronic disease affecting growth, development, or daily functioning. Control group: 1. Elimination diet. 2. Competitive athletic training. 3. Known heart disease, including congenital heart disease. 4. Significant chronic disease affecting growth, development, or daily functioning.