Non-Pharmacological Factors on Spinal Block Duration

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of non-pharmacological factors-such as age, sex, body mass index, paraspinal muscle mass, vertebral canal anatomy, patient positioning, and injection technique-on the duration of sensory and motor block in patients undergoing spinal anesthesia, and to investigate the potential relationships between these factors and block duration.

Inclusion Criteria: * Patients aged 18-80 years * ASA physical status I-III * Patients scheduled for elective lower abdominal surgery. Exclusion Criteria: * Patient refusal to participate * Coagulopathy * Use of medications or substances known to impair coagulation * Pregnancy, sepsis * Shock * Severe aortic or mitral regurgitation * Peripheral vascular disease * Increased intracranial pressure * Mental disorders * Spinal column deformity * History of previous spinal surgery.