Effects of Different Caffeine Forms on Aerobic and Anaerobic Exercise Performance

This study investigated the effects of different caffeine delivery forms on aerobic and anaerobic exercise performance in healthy adults. Participants completed experimental trials involving caffeine capsule ingestion, caffeine gum chewing, and caffeine mouth rinse conditions. Aerobic performance was assessed using maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), and anaerobic performance was evaluated using the Wingate anaerobic test. The study used a randomized crossover design where each participant completed all experimental conditions.

Inclusion Criteria: * Healthy male recreational athletes aged 18-25 years. * At least 2 years of regular training history (3-4 sessions per week). * Non-smoker.No diagnosed chronic disease. * No current musculoskeletal injury. * Willingness to abstain from caffeine consumption for 48 hours before each test session. * Willingness to avoid strenuous exercise for 48 hours before each test session. Exclusion Criteria: * Known allergy or sensitivity to caffeine. * Use of any performance-enhancing supplements during the study period. * Failure to comply with the standardized nutritional requirements before testing. * Failure to comply with the standardized sleep requirements before testing. * Inability to complete all experimental conditions (Capsule, Gum, Rinse, and Placebo).