EMS-Initiated Buprenorphine

This is a multisite EMS study that will first conduct a sequence of pragmatic, prehospital field studies to provide preliminary feasibility, acceptability, and safety data for refinement and enhancement of a subsequent single-arm prospective trial that will provide preliminary effectiveness data, from which to build a larger randomized control trail (RCT) trial.

Inclusion Criteria: * 18 years of age or older * Treated by the EMS-Initiated buprenorphine clinical protocol which includes: Patients that accept EMS-Initiated BUP protocol. Patients offered the EMS-Initiated BUP protocol but declined.1 * Willing to follow study procedures. * Able to speak English sufficiently to understand study procedures, and to provide verbal and electronic/written consent. Exclusion Criteria: * Patients who lack decision making capacity * Patients who are in police or protective custody