Probiotic Supplements in Osteoarthritis

The current study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of adding probiotics to the standard of care in improving OA patient-related outcomes such as pain, stiffness, and physical activity.

Inclusion Criteria: Patients (both sexes) aged above 18 years who met the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) clinical criteria for KOA \[7\] and had symptomatic OA of at least one knee (index knee). Exclusion Criteria: 1. Rheumatoid arthritis or other active generalized inflammatory comorbidities affecting the gastrointestinal tract (IBD, celiac disease) 2. Performed a total knee replacement on the affected knee or the waiting list for joint replacement 3. surgeries (such as gastric bypass) or Other concomitant injuries can override OA symptoms or interfere with physical activity. 4. Malabsorption disorders, systemic organ failure (liver, renal, cardiac) 5. Use corticosteroids with doses above 10 mg/day or Intra-articular injections during the previous 6 months. 6. Recent antibiotic treatment (i.e., \