Evaluation of Adding Nitrate Into Foods for Regulating Nitric Oxide Bioavailability in Healthy Individuals

Inorganic nitrate, found in leafy green vegetables and beetroot, can help lower blood pressure and support heart health. Early experimental work has suggested that dietary nitrate supplementation, in the form of beetroot juice or potassium nitrate capsules, can reduce blood pressure and improve endothelial function. Consequently, concentrated nitrate supplements like beetroot juice have become popular. However, these supplements can be expensive, high in sugar, and not to everyone's taste. Since more than three-quarters of adults with high blood pressure live in low- and middle-income countries, it is important to find safe, affordable ways to add nitrate to commonly eaten foods. The team at Queen Mary University of London has been developing nitrate-fortified products that may be more appealing to a wider population. With support from the food manufacturer Reading Scientific Services Ltd. (RSSL), they have successfully added nitrate to three oat-based products: cereal bar, porridge, and biscuits. This study aims to explore whether adding nitrate to commonly eaten foods can improve nitric oxide levels in the body and help lower blood pressure in healthy volunteers. Participants will receive the three nitrate-fortified food products in a randomised, crossover design. Nitrate and nitrite concentrations in biological samples, along with blood pressure, will be measured before and at multiple time points after supplementation with the nitrate-fortified products.

Inclusion Criteria: 1. Healthy volunteer. 2. Aged ≥18 years and ≤ 60 years. 3. Willing to provide informed consent. 4. Able to understand and comply with protocol requirements, instructions, and stated restrictions. Exclusion Criteria: A volunteer will not be eligible for inclusion in this study if any of the following criteria are met: 1. Unwilling to provide consent. 2. People with chronic health conditions requiring medication. 3. Pregnant females, or those with a possibility of being pregnant. 4. History of hypertension and /or diabetes. 5. History of any serious illnesses, including recent infections or trauma. 6. History of symptomatic coronary artery disease, stroke, or other known atherosclerotic diseases. 7. People who will commence or who are likely to commence treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) other than aspirin, from screening until study completion. 8. Self-declared alcohol or drug abuse within the past 6 months. 9. Three-month prior history of regular alcohol consumption exceeding an average weekly intake of \> 28 units (or an average daily intake of greater than 3 units) for males, or an average weekly intake of \> 21 units (or an average daily intake of greater than 2 units) for females. One unit is equivalent to a half pint (284mL) of beer/lager; 25mL of spirits, or 125mL of wine. 10. Taking systemic medication (other than the oral contraceptive pill). 11. Recent (within 2 weeks) self-reported use of mouthwash or tongue scrapers. 12. Recent (within 2 weeks) or current antibiotic use. 13. Recent (within 1 week) use of NO3- or NO2- supplements. 14. History, or recent treatment of (within the last 3 months) for any oral condition (excluding caries), including gingivitis, periodontitis and halitosis. 15. History of, or recent treatment for, any blood-borne infectious disease such Hepatitis B or C virus, or HIV. 16. Current smokers (including vaping) or have smoked within the last 6 months. 17. Diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis, connective tissue disorders, and other conditions known to be associated with chronic inflammation (e.g., Inflammatory Bowel Disease). 18. People who have donated more than 500mL of blood within 56 days prior to the study commencement. 19. Known allergy to celery, gluten, crustaceans, eggs, lupin, milk, mustard, peanuts, sesame, soybeans, tree nuts, oats, palm oil, sugar, cranberries, sunflower oil, invert syrup, sodium bicarbonate.