Impact of Intraoperative Blood Pressure Components on Postoperative AKI: A Phenotype-Stratified Analysis

Postoperative acute kidney injury (AKI) is a serious complication often linked to low blood pressure during surgery. This study aims to better protect patients' kidneys by personalizing how blood pressure is managed during an operation. The project has two main goals: First, researchers will analyze data from over 44,000 past surgeries to identify which specific blood pressure measurements are the most critical warning signs for kidney damage. Second, using this knowledge, they will build a smart tool (a machine learning model) to predict a unique, safe blood pressure target for each individual patient before their surgery begins. This personalized approach is intended to give doctors a specific target to maintain during surgery, helping to prevent kidney injury and improve patient safety.

Inclusion Criteria: 1. Patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery 2. Access to intraoperatively available invasive/noninvasive blood pressure monitoring data Exclusion Criteria: 1. Patients for Age \< 18 yr 2. Patients without preoperative or postoperative creatinine records 3. Patients undergoing urinary surgeries 4. Patients with chronic kidney injury before surgery 5. ASA grade \> 5 class 6. Anesthesia duration \< 60 min 7. Patients for non-available lowest blood pressure data during surgery 8. Hemodynamic records loss more than 25% of the total anesthesia duration 9. Patients for categorical variables records missing