Neurobehavioral Signatures of Sign- and Goal-Tracking in Emerging Adults: Translation of a Preclinical Model

This study seeks to understand individual differences in personality, brain function, and behavior. Study hypothesis: \- A stronger sign-tracking bias will be associated with a bottom-up processing style characterized by less adaptive attentional- and impulse-control as well as hyperactive reward processing, whereas a stronger goal-tracking bias will be associated with a top-down processing style characterized by strong attentional- and impulse-control as well as normative reward processing.

Inclusion Criteria: * 18-22 years old at baseline * Right-handed * Medically/physically able to give informed consent * English-speaking * Substance use is free to vary, but for participants with a history of substance use, ≥ 1 use of cannabis (including less than a full dose) Exclusion Criteria: * Acute or chronic medical or neurological illness (e.g., diabetes, epilepsy, migraine) * History of psychosis in self or first-degree relative * Current treatment for substance use disorder * Current or past 6-month treatment with centrally acting medications (not including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medication) * Intelligence quotient (IQ) \< 70 * Lifetime history of head trauma with loss of consciousness \> 5 minutes * Reliance on glasses to be able to read small text at a distance of approximately 30 inches * Colorblindness * MRI contraindication (e.g., pregnancy, metal implants, claustrophobia) per protocol