Staging Strategies and Their Association With Prognosis and Therapy in Lung Cancer With Cystic Airspaces

The goal of this observational study is to determine the most accurate tumor size measurement method for T-staging and prognostic assessment in lung cancer with cystic airspaces (LCCA). The main questions it aims to answer are: * What is the optimal T-staging approach for accurately classifying lung cancer with cystic airspaces （LCCA) and predicting patient outcomes? * How do imaging features of cystic lesions correlate with their pathological characteristics? * What is the relationship between imaging features of cystic airspace-associated lesions and patient prognosis? * Can optimizing the T-staging method improve clinical decision-making in patients with LCCA?

Inclusion Criteria: 1. Histologically confirmed non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), as verified by biopsy or postoperative pathological examination; 2. Patients who have undergone surgical lung resection; 3. Patients with complete preoperative chest CT imaging data; 4. Preoperative chest CT showing a well-defined gas-containing (air-filled) cystic component within the tumor. Exclusion Criteria: 1. History of pulmonary diseases that could produce cystic lung lesions (e.g., tuberculosis, pulmonary fungal infections, bullae, emphysema, Lymphangioleiomyomatosis \[LAM\], or Birt-Hogg-Dubé \[BHD\] syndrome); 2. Systemic anti-tumor therapies, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or targeted therapies (such as monoclonal antibodies, small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors, among others), were administered prior to enrollment; 3. Patients with concurrent other malignancies; 4. Patients with missing or poor-quality preoperative chest CT imaging data.