Flapless Mini-incision Implant Surgery

evaluate the clinical efficacy of the flapless mini-incision method compared to conventional flap and flapless punch methods

Inclusion Criteria: * Adult patients with adequate bone height and width at the site of implant 120 placement, and good quality bone to support a primary stability of at least 30 Ncm and D2 bone quality according to Lekholm and Zarb classification), based on preoperative radiographic assessment * Clinical evidence of optimal periodontal health with no active periodontal disease in adjacent teeth * No history of systemic illnesses that could affect bone health and wound heal- ing (e.g. uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis, renal osteodystrophy…etc.) * No history of or requirement for bone grafting and augmentation at the implant site * Willingness to participate in the study and attend prescribed follow-up appointments Exclusion Criteria: * Patients with history of radiation therapy for head and neck cancer * Patients with history of allergy and hypersensitivity to local anesthetic agents, and biomaterials used in dental implants * Pregnant women and lactating mothers * History of smoking (\>2 cigarettes per day) * Patients under treatment with anti-resorptive or anti-neoplastic medication such as bisphosphonates, chemotherapeutic agents, and monoclonal antibodies (e.g. Denosumab