Treating Intraoperative Bradycardia in Non-cardiac Surgery Patients With Atropine at Heart Rates Below 60 Versus 30 Beats Per Minute and Norepinephrine Requirements

The RAPID trial is a randomized, single-center trial investigating whether giving atropine at heart rates below 60 beats per minute versus giving atropine only at heart rates below 30 beats per minute reduces the amount of norepinephrine needed to keep MAP above 65 mmHg in non-cardiac surgery patients with intraoperative bradycardia.

Inclusion Criteria: Consenting patients ≥50 years scheduled for elective non-cardiac surgery with general anesthesia that is expected to last ≥60 minutes with at least two of the following risk criteria for developing acute kidney injury: * Age ≥65 years * American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status III or IV * Chronic arterial hypertension * Diabetes mellitus requiring medication * Intraabdominal surgery * Preoperative renal insufficiency (serum creatinine ≥1.2 mg/dL) Exclusion Criteria: Patients with the following exclusion criteria: contraindication for atropine administration (e.g., myasthenia gravis, high-grade aortic stenosis, high-grade coronary artery disease, glaucoma, paralytic ileus, prostatic hypertrophy); renal replacement therapy within the previous 3 months; chronic kidney disease with an estimated glomerular filtration rate \