Cardiovascular Response to Isometric BFR Exercise

The goal of this interventional study is to evaluate the acute impact of isometric blood flow restriction (BFR) exercise on blood pressure and other cardiovascular functions in healthy young adult volunteers. The main question it aims to answer is: The investigators hypothesize that isometric BFR exercise with a wide-rigid cuff would lead to greater blood pressure and other cardiovascular responses and that these cardiovascular responses would be greater under isometric BFR exercise with narrow-elastic bands compared with the control condition (no cuff). Participants will perform isometric exercises in 3 laboratory visits with different exercise conditions) no cuff control 2) BFR with wide-rigid cuff 3) BFR with narrow-elastic band.

Inclusion Criteria: \- Apparently healthy young adults aged between 18 - 40 years old and signed the informed consent. Exclusion Criteria: * Abnormal clotting times * Acid-base imbalance/acidosis * Arterial calcification * Atherosclerotic vessels * Cardiopulmonary conditions * Diabetes * Dialysis/central venous access * General/local infection * High intracranial pressure * Hip, pelvis, or femur fracture * History of venous thromboembolism * Hypertension * Immobility for greater than 48 hours in the past month * Immobilizing cast * Implanted medical device * Lymphectomies * Obesity * Open fracture * Open or unhealed soft tissue injuries * Paralysis * Peripheral vascular disease * Pregnancy/postpartum * Prior revascularization * Renal compromise * Severe crush injuries * Sickle cell trait/anemia * Skin grafts * Stroke * Temporary nerve damage * Thrombophilia * Tumor/cancer * Varicose veins * Vascular grafting