Cardiac Cachexia in Advanced Heart Failure

Heart failure is a condition in which the heart stops pumping effectively, causing symptoms such as breathlessness or leg swelling. It affects around 900,000 people in the United Kingdom. As our population gets older, this number will continue rise. It is a condition with poor overall survival - nearly 50% of patients die within 5 years of being diagnosed with heart failure. Cardiac cachexia is a complex condition associated with heart failure. There is general loss of muscle with or without loss of fat in cardiac cachexia. The main feature of cardiac cachexia is therefore unintentional weight loss in heart failure patients. The reason why it develops is poorly understood currently. Importantly, some studies have shown that cardiac cachexia is more likely to lead to poorer outcomes (such as death) in the patients who develop it. However, there have been no studies, to our knowledge, that look at this condition in those patients who have very weak hearts ('advanced heart failure'). The investigators are looking to clarify how common cardiac cachexia is within advanced heart failure patients, and secondly how outcomes compare to those advanced heart failure patients that do not have the condition. With this in mind, the investigators will be able to establish the fuller impact cardiac cachexia has on survival and outcomes in patients with advanced heart failure. This study will involve assessing a group of \~200 advanced heart failure patients for cardiac cachexia to establish an estimate of how common it is overall. The investigators will then follow up the patients over a year, to see if we can assess the impact of cardiac cachexia on survival and outcomes. Overall, the investigators therefore hope this study will give a more robust picture on the true impact of cardiac cachexia in advanced heart failure. By doing so, the investigators will firstly highlight its importance to other clinicians who will better be able to monitor and or diagnose it, and secondly pave way for more research on a potential treatment strategy for this condition.

Inclusion Criteria: * Meets one of the "I NEED HELP" markers for advanced heart failure * Has capacity to consent and participate in the study * Age 18 years and older Exclusion Criteria: * Does not have at least one "I NEED HELP" marker for advanced heart failure * Does not consent to or has not got the ability to participate in the study * Is below the age of 18 years