Homebased Strength and Tai-chi Exercise Snacking for Improving Physical Function in Older Adults

Engaging in muscle strength and balance (S&B) exercises and has numerous health benefits for older adults, promoting greater mobility, reducing risk of falling, and overall improved health and wellbeing. Given the rising age of global populations, reducing the burden associated with lost physical function is essential to minimise health and social care costs. Unfortunately, very few older adults engage in sufficient S&B exercise to reap these benefits, with a lack of time, self-efficacy and access to leisure facilities cited as the key barriers. Finding innovative ways promote an acceptable and engaging format of S&B exercise is consequently a public health priority.One novel way that aims to address typical barriers to participation in older adults is through the promotion of exercise 'snacks', as opposed to a more traditional, lengthy structured exercise session at a leisure centre. Exercise snacking describes short bursts of exercise that are designed to be undertaken over a short period in the home environment and without the need for any specialised exercise clothing or equipment. In the initial laboratory and cross-sectional and pilot intervention research, the investigators have been testing two formats of 5-minute, twice-daily, strength exercise- and tai-chi-snacking, which has been shown to be acceptable and feasible to implement in older adults. This protocol presents initial efficacy for evoking improved physical function in people aged 65 years or more. The investigators' remote study demonstrated that remote assessment and delivery of 4-week exercise and tai-chi snacking interventions were acceptable and feasible. However, qualitative feedback indicated that exercise programmes may be more acceptable and interesting with simpler tai-chi movements and exercise snacking programme with upper body movements. Nevertheless, the investigators only recruited healthy older adults, doing short-term interventions in previous studies. This study aims to test the effectiveness of progressive S&B interventions over a sustained period in pre-frail older adults.

Inclusion Criteria:People aged 65 or greater and are able to perform daily physical activity independently.Not regularly engaging in recreational sports or structured exercise (once a week or more).Citizen of UK or Taiwan.Individuals who are able to do the 5 reps sit-to-stand in less than 60s and the feet side-by-side stand for at least 10s, following the initial safety screening.Exclusion Criteria:Individuals with current ongoing medication or treatment for injuries or illness that would impact on any of the study outcomes.Individuals with a current musculoskeletal injury that would preclude participation in exercise ascertained through preliminary screening.Individuals with contraindications to exercise including chest pain, dizziness, or loss of consciousness, or who have been instructed by their doctor to only do physical activity recommended by them.Individuals who have been diagnosed with dementia.Individuals who are unable to consent for themselves or complete the familiarisation / baseline screening by themselves.Individuals who score more than 8 on the Short Physical Performance Battery, score more than 6 between strength and balance sections, or score zero on any component of the test.