Immunotherapy With CCRT Followed by Surgery for Locally Advanced ESCC Patients

The prognosis of ESCC is poor with a five-year overall survival rate of 10 to 30 %. Randomized clinical trials have demonstrated that TMT, consisted of neoadjuvant concurrent CCRT and radical esophagectomy, improves the overall survival for patients with resectable locally advanced disease. As a consequence, it is mandatory to develop new pharmacotherapeutic regimen for TMT. In our previous prospective studies, we found higher levels of serum immune-related biomarkers, VEGF-A, TGF-β1, and soluble PD-L1, before neoadjuvant CCRT were independent associated with inferior overall survival and disease-free survival for locally advanced ESCC treated with neoadjuvant CCRT plus radical esophagectomy. In the present clinical trial, we plan to investigate whether incorporation of tiragolumab (Anti-TIGIT) and atezolizumab (Anti-PD-L1) into standard TMT will be safe while improve the pathological complete response rate. By the present research, we expect to develop a new TMT regimen for this poor prognostic disease.

Inclusion Criteria:Histologically proved squamous cell carcinoma of esophagusLocally advanced disease, which are defined by TNM system of American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) Cancer Staging System (8th edition) in 2017, fulfilling one of the following criteria:T1-2N2-3M0T3N1-3M0Tumor judged to be operable and resectable with curative intent on the screening assessmentAge ≥ 20 yearsMedical fit for curative surgeryECOG Performance Status 0 or 1Adequate bone marrow reserves within 2 weeks prior to registration, defined as:absolute neutrophil count (ANC) ≥ 1.5×109/L (1,500/μl)platelets ≥ 100×109/L (100,000/µl)hemoglobin ≥ 9.0 g/dl (may have been transfused)Adequate liver function reserves within 2 weeks prior to registration, defined as:hepatic transaminases (AST and ALT) ≤ 2.5 × upper limit of normal (ULN)serum total bilirubin ≤ 1.5 × upper limit of normal (ULN)Adequate renal function within 2 weeks prior to registration: Creatinine ≤1.5 mg/dLNegative hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) at screening or Positive HBsAg with HBV DNA < 500 IU/mL (or 2500 copies/mL) at screening. Patients with detectable HBsAg or detectable HBV DNA should be managed institutional guidelines.a. Patients receiving anti-viral medication must have initiated treatment at least 2 weeks prior to protocol treatment and should continue treatment for at least 6 months after the final dose of study treatmentNegative hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibody test at screening, or positive HCV antibody test followed by a negative HCV RNA test at screeningNegative serum or urine pregnancy test for women of childbearing potentialWomen of childbearing potential and male participants must practice highly effective contraception with a failure rate of < 1% per year during the treatment period and for 5 months after the final dose of atezolizumab and for 90 days after the final dose of tiragolumabPatients must be able to comply with the study protocol and follow-up schedules and provide study-specific informed consentExclusion Criteria:Prior treatment with CD137 agonists or immune checkpoint blockade therapies, including anti-¬CTLA-4, anti-PD-1, anti-PD-L1 and anti-¬TIGIT therapeutic antibodiesPrior radiotherapy to head and neck, chest, or abdomenPrior chemotherapyHistology consistent with adenocarcinoma, small cell carcinoma or mixed carcinoma of esophagus or gastroesophageal junction.Synchronously or metachronously diagnosed squamous cell carcinoma of aerodigestive way, other than esophageal cancerHistory of malignancy other than esophageal cancer within 2 years prior to screening, with the exception of malignancies with a negligible risk of metastasis or death (e.g., 5-year overall survival rate 90%), such as adequately treated carcinoma in situ of the cervix, non-melanoma skin carcinoma, localized prostate cancer, ductal carcinoma in situ, or Stage I uterine cancera. Patients who received endoscopic mucosal resection or dissection for superficial mucosal cancers other than ESCC within 2 years prior to screening are eligible for the study.Prior organ transplantation including allogenic stem-cell transplantationCurrent use of immunosuppressive medication, EXCEPT for the following:intranasal, inhaled, topical steroids, or local steroid injection (e.g., intra-articular injection)systemic corticosteroids at physiologic doses ≤ 10 mg/day of prednisone or equivalentsteroids as premedication for hypersensitivity reactions (e.g., CT scan premedication).Treatment with therapeutic oral or intravenous antibiotics within 2 weeks prior to registrationa. Patients receiving prophylactic antibiotics (e.g., to prevent a urinary tract infection or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation) are eligible for the study.Active autoimmune disease that might deteriorate when receiving an immuno-stimulatory agent. Patients with diabetes type I, vitiligo, psoriasis, or hypo- or hyperthyroid diseases not requiring immunosuppressive treatment and on stable regimen are eligible.Severe, active comorbidities which, in the judgment of the investigator, would make the patient inappropriate for entry into this study or interfere significantly with the proper assessment of safety and adverse events of the protocol, or limit compliance with study requirements, defined as follows:Severe infection within 4 weeks prior to registration, including, but not limited to, hospitalization for complications of infection, bacteremia, or severe pneumonia. Treatment with therapeutic oral or IV antibiotics within 2 weeks prior to registration. Patients receiving prophylactic antibiotics (e.g., to prevent a urinary tract infection or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation) are eligible for the study.Transmural myocardial infarction < 6 months prior to registrationUnstable angina or congestive heart failure requiring hospitalization < 6 months prior to registrationLife-threatening uncontrolled clinically significant cardiac arrhythmiasCerebral vascular accident/stroke (< 6 months prior to enrollment)Congestive heart failure (≥ New York Heart Association Classification Class II), or serious cardiac arrhythmia requiring medication.Hepatic insufficiency resulting in clinical jaundice and/or coagulation defectsChronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation or other respiratory illness including pulmonary fibrosis requiring hospitalization or precluding study therapy at the time of registrationUncontrolled psychiatric disorder including recent (within the past year) or active suicidal ideation or behaviorLaboratory abnormalities that may increase the risk associated with study participation or study treatment administration or may interfere with the interpretation of study resultsImmune colitis, inflammatory bowel disease, immune pneumonitisHistory of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, organizing pneumonia (e.g., bronchiolitis obliterans), drug-induced pneumonitis, or idiopathic pneumonitis, or evidence of active pneumonitis on screening CT scanActive tuberculosisUncontrolled or symptomatic hypercalcemia (corrected calcium > ULN)Known history of testing positive for HIV or known acquired immunodeficiency syndrome."Positive Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) viral capsid antigen IgM test at screeninga. An EBV polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test should be performed as clinically indicated to screen for active infection or suspected chronic active infection. Patients with a positive EBV PCR test are excluded.Vaccination with a live, attenuated vaccine within 4 weeks prior to initiation of study treatment, or anticipation of need for such a vaccine during study treatment or within 5 months after the final dose of study treatment is prohibited except for administration of inactivated vaccinesHistory of severe allergic anaphylactic reactions to chimeric or humanized antibodies or fusion proteinsKnown prior severe hypersensitivity to investigational product, Chinese hamster ovary cell products or any component in its formulations, including known severe hypersensitivity reactions to monoclonal antibodies (NCI CTCAE v5.0 Grade ≥ 3)Concurrent participation in another interventional clinical trialPregnant or breast-feeding womenWomen of childbearing potential and male participants who are sexually active and not willing/able to use medically acceptable forms of contraception; this exclusion is necessary because the radiation treatment involved in this study may be significantly teratogenic