Effect Dietary Fructose on Fructose Kinetics in Type 2 Diabetes

Determine the kinetics of fructose metabolism and its role as a metabolic substrate following a high (100gr/day) vs low fructose diet (<30 gram fructose intake per day isocaloric correction with dextrose) in type 2 diabetic subjects of SAS or Caucasian ethnicity.

Inclusion Criteria:40 T2D patients (20 Caucasian and 20 SAS)40-70 years oldMale-femaleBMI 25-35 kg/m2Stable anti diabetic drugs for 3 months (metformin is obligatory)Stable medication use past 3 monthsAble to give informed consentExclusion Criteria:- Proton-pump inhibitor usage (known to effect gut microbiota)GLP1, SGLT2i or insulin use (known to effect gut microbiota)Antibiotic for the past 3 months (known to effect gut microbiota)Probiotic or symbiotic usage (known to effect gut microbiota)Pregnant womenChronic illness (including a known history of heart failure, renal failure (eGFR <30 ml/min), pulmonary disease, gastrointestinal disorders, or hematologic diseases), or other inflammatory diseasesActive infectionPrevious intestinal (e.g., bowel resection/reconstruction) surgerySmoking (due to its influence on gut microbiome)Vegetarian diet (since they have different microbiota)>6 alcohol units per day or >14 alcohol units per weekActive malignancyHbA1c >9% (75mmol/mol)