Inter-individual Physiological Response to a Training and Detraining Period in Cardiometabolic Risk Factors Subjects

Background: Although exercise training is a well described therapy for some cardiometabolic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, arterial hypertension, and metabolic syndrome, there is scarcity of knowledge about the post-exercise period term as 'detraining' where usually all physiological adaptations as cardiovascular and metabolic benefits are lost due to physical inactivity. Likewise, as some exercise training modalities as high-intensity interval training improve vascular parameters including endothelial dysfunction parameters as flow-mediated dilation (FMD%), and carotid-intima media thickness (c-IMT) during the 'training' period, there is little knowledge about how many 'volume' or 'intensity' of exercise training or physical activity per week is needed to maintain the exercise training benefits in populations with cardiometabolic risk factors such as those patients with arterial hypertension. This information will be of great interest for both improving and maintaining the vascular profile and health of Chilean adults with risk factors and to maintain a better vascular profile. Objective: To study the beneficial adaptations from the 'training' and 'detraining' period of exercise training on functional and structural vascular parameters in healthy and cardiometabolic risk factors adult subjects to improve the health profile. Methods: The investigators will conduct an experimental design of 5 groups of exercise training in healthy (controls) and hypertensive (HTN) patients (≥140 mmHg), with overweight/or obesity, men and women, with BMI ≥25 and ≤35 kg/m2, aged ≥18y, physically inactive (<150 min/week of low/moderate PA/week, or <75 min/week of vigorous PA) in the last 6 months will be invited for participating. The groups will be as follows; Group (HTNex will be compared with Group HTNcg). Group (ELEex will be compared with Group ELEcg). Group (NTex will be compared with Group NTcg). Each group will be compared in their physiological vascular adaptations before and after exercise training such as HIIT, and after 3 months of a detraining period. Results (hypothesis): The investigators hypothesized that the maintenance of vascular outcomes after the 'detraining' period is intensity-dependent in adults with HTN that participated of an exercise intervention.

Inclusion Criteria:Healthy, or subjects with elevated blood pressure (ELE) or arterial hypertension (HTN)ELE and/or HTN controlled or not controlled with pharmacotherapyWith hyperglycemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) controlled or not controlled with pharmacotherapyLiving in urban areas of the Concepción or Talcahuano citiesDemonstrable ability to adhere to the exercise training programsTo sign the written informed consent for participating in the studyExclusion Criteria:Altered ECGUncontrolled HTN (≥160 mmHg SBP, or DBP >95 mmHg)Morbid obesity (≥35-40 kg/m2)Type 1 diabetes mellitusCardiovascular disease (i.e., coronary artery disease)T2DM complications such as varicose ulcer in the foot, legs, or any history of the wound, nephropathies, muscle-skeletal disorders (i.e., osteoarthrosis) that could limit exercise participation, and adaptations, where ExT can be not recommended.Subjects under pharmacotherapy that can influence body composition such as weight- loss treatment, as well as those who are enrolled in ExT programs recently (last 3 months)