Retinal Neurovascular Coupling in Patients Previously Infected With COVID-19

The Study objective is to measure retinal neurovascular coupling and blood flow parameters in patients previously infected with COVID-19, long COVID-19 and healthy age- and sex- matched control subjects

Inclusion Criteria:Inclusion criteria for healthy subjectsMen and women aged over 18 yearsNon-smokersNormal findings in the medical history unless the investigator considers an abnormality to be clinically irrelevantNo previous history of COVID-19 infectionNegative testing for SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence using nucleocapsid antibody testsNegative PCR test for SARS-CoV-2Normal ophthalmic findings, ametropy < 6 Dpt.Inclusion criteria for subjects with history of COVID-19 infectionMen and women aged over 18 yearsNon-smokersHistory of COVID-19 infection (confirmed by a positive PCR test for SARS-CoV2 in the medical history) within the last 6 monthsPositive testing for SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence using spike protein IgG antibody testsNegative PCR test for SARS-CoV-2Inclusion criteria for subjects with long COVID-19Men and women aged over 18 yearsNon-smokersHistory of COVID-19 infection (confirmed by a positive PCR test for SARS-CoV2 in the medical history)Positive testing for SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalenceNegative PCR test for SARS-CoV-2Long Covid according to the latest WHO-GuidelinesExclusion Criteria:Any of the following will exclude a healthy control subject from the study:Symptoms of a clinically relevant illness in the 3 weeks before the first study dayPresence or history of a severe medical condition as judged by the clinical investigatorParticipation in a clinical trial in the 3 weeks preceding the studyBlood donation during the previous three weeksHistory or family history of epilepsyPresence of any abnormalities preventing reliable measurements in the study eye as judged by the investigatorBest corrected visual acuity < 0.8 SnellenPregnancy, planned pregnancy or lactatinHistory of epilepsiaAny of the following will exclude a subject with history of COVID-19 infection from the study:Blood donation during the previous three weeksHistory or family history of epilepsyPresence of any abnormalities preventing reliable measurements in the study eye as judged by the investigatorBest corrected visual acuity < 0.8 SnellenAmetropy >6 DptPregnancy, planned pregnancy or lactatingHistory of epilepsiaAny of the following will exclude a subject with long COVID-19 from the study:Blood donation during the previous three weeksHistory or family history of epilepsyPresence of any abnormalities preventing reliable measurements in the study eye as judged by the investigatorBest corrected visual acuity < 0.8 SnellenAmetropy >6 DptPregnancy, planned pregnancy or lactatingHistory of epilepsiaDiabetes mellitus